1.2a Multivariate Regression – R code

# Read crimes data
crimesDF <- read.csv("crimes.csv",stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# Remove the 1st 7 columns which do not impact output
crimesDF1 <- crimesDF[,7:length(crimesDF)]

# Convert all to numeric
crimesDF2 <- sapply(crimesDF1,as.numeric)

# Check for NAs
a <- is.na(crimesDF2)
# Set to 0 as an imputation
crimesDF2[a] <-0
#Create as a dataframe
crimesDF2 <- as.data.frame(crimesDF2)
#Create a train/test split
train_idx <- trainTestSplit(crimesDF2,trainPercent=75,seed=5)
train <- crimesDF2[train_idx, ]
test <- crimesDF2[-train_idx, ]

# Fit a multivariate regression model between crimesPerPop and all other features
fit <- lm(ViolentCrimesPerPop~.,data=train)

# Compute and print R Squared
rsquared=Rsquared(fit,test,test$ViolentCrimesPerPop)
sprintf("R-squared for multi-variate regression (crimes.csv)  is : %f", rsquared)

## [1] "R-squared for multi-variate regression (crimes.csv)  is : 0.653940"

1.2b Multivariate Regression – Python code

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
# Read the data
crimesDF =pd.read_csv("crimes.csv",encoding="ISO-8859-1")
#Remove the 1st 7 columns
crimesDF1=crimesDF.iloc[:,7:crimesDF.shape[1]]
# Convert to numeric
crimesDF2 = crimesDF1.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
# Impute NA to 0s
crimesDF2.fillna(0, inplace=True)

# Select the X (feature vatiables - all)
X=crimesDF2.iloc[:,0:120]

# Set the target
y=crimesDF2.iloc[:,121]

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y,random_state = 0)
# Fit a multivariate regression model
linreg = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)

# compute and print the R Square
print('R-squared score (training): {:.3f}'.format(linreg.score(X_train, y_train)))
print('R-squared score (test): {:.3f}'.format(linreg.score(X_test, y_test)))

## R-squared score (training): 0.699
## R-squared score (test): 0.677

1.3a Polynomial Regression – R

For Polynomial regression , polynomials of degree 1,2 & 3 are used and R squared is computed. It can be seen that the quadaratic model provides the best R squared score and hence the best fit

 # Polynomial degree 1
df=read.csv("auto_mpg.csv",stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # Data from UCI
df1 <- as.data.frame(sapply(df,as.numeric))

# Select key columns
df2 <- df1 %>% select(cylinder,displacement, horsepower,weight, acceleration, year,mpg)
df3 <- df2[complete.cases(df2),]

# Split as train and test sets
train_idx <- trainTestSplit(df3,trainPercent=75,seed=5)
train <- df3[train_idx, ]
test <- df3[-train_idx, ]

# Fit a model of degree 1
fit <- lm(mpg~. ,data=train)
rsquared1 <-Rsquared(fit,test,test$mpg)
sprintf("R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 1 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : %f", rsquared1)

## [1] "R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 1 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : 0.763607"

# Polynomial degree 2 - Quadratic
x = as.matrix(df3[1:6])
# Make a  polynomial  of degree 2 for feature variables before split
df4=as.data.frame(poly(x,2,raw=TRUE))
df5 <- cbind(df4,df3[7])

# Split into train and test set
train_idx <- trainTestSplit(df5,trainPercent=75,seed=5)
train <- df5[train_idx, ]
test <- df5[-train_idx, ]

# Fit the quadratic model
fit <- lm(mpg~. ,data=train)
# Compute R squared
rsquared2=Rsquared(fit,test,test$mpg)
sprintf("R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 2 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : %f", rsquared2)

## [1] "R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 2 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : 0.831372"

#Polynomial degree 3
x = as.matrix(df3[1:6])
# Make polynomial of degree 4  of feature variables before split
df4=as.data.frame(poly(x,3,raw=TRUE))
df5 <- cbind(df4,df3[7])
train_idx <- trainTestSplit(df5,trainPercent=75,seed=5)

train <- df5[train_idx, ]
test <- df5[-train_idx, ]
# Fit a model of degree 3
fit <- lm(mpg~. ,data=train)
# Compute R squared
rsquared3=Rsquared(fit,test,test$mpg)
sprintf("R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 2 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : %f", rsquared3)

## [1] "R-squared for Polynomial regression of degree 2 (auto_mpg.csv)  is : 0.773225"

df=data.frame(degree=c(1,2,3),Rsquared=c(rsquared1,rsquared2,rsquared3))
# Make a plot of Rsquared and degree
ggplot(df,aes(x=degree,y=Rsquared)) +geom_point() + geom_line(color="blue") +
    ggtitle("Polynomial regression - R squared vs Degree of polynomial") +
    xlab("Degree") + ylab("R squared")

1.3a Polynomial Regression – Python

For Polynomial regression , polynomials of degree 1,2 & 3 are used and R squared is computed. It can be seen that the quadaratic model provides the best R squared score and hence the best fit

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
autoDF =pd.read_csv("auto_mpg.csv",encoding="ISO-8859-1")
autoDF.shape
autoDF.columns
# Select key columns
autoDF1=autoDF[['mpg','cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
# Convert columns to numeric
autoDF2 = autoDF1.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
# Drop NAs
autoDF3=autoDF2.dropna()
autoDF3.shape
X=autoDF3[['cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
y=autoDF3['mpg']

# Polynomial degree 1
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y,random_state = 0)
linreg = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)
print('R-squared score - Polynomial degree 1 (training): {:.3f}'.format(linreg.score(X_train, y_train)))
# Compute R squared     
rsquared1 =linreg.score(X_test, y_test)
print('R-squared score - Polynomial degree 1 (test): {:.3f}'.format(linreg.score(X_test, y_test)))

# Polynomial degree 2
poly = PolynomialFeatures(degree=2)
X_poly = poly.fit_transform(X)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_poly, y,random_state = 0)
linreg = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)

# Compute R squared
print('R-squared score - Polynomial degree 2 (training): {:.3f}'.format(linreg.score(X_train, y_train)))
rsquared2 =linreg.score(X_test, y_test)
print('R-squared score - Polynomial degree 2 (test): {:.3f}\n'.format(linreg.score(X_test, y_test)))

#Polynomial degree 3

poly = PolynomialFeatures(degree=3)
X_poly = poly.fit_transform(X)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_poly, y,random_state = 0)
linreg = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)
print('(R-squared score -Polynomial degree 3  (training): {:.3f}'
     .format(linreg.score(X_train, y_train)))
# Compute R squared     
rsquared3 =linreg.score(X_test, y_test)
print('R-squared score Polynomial degree 3 (test): {:.3f}\n'.format(linreg.score(X_test, y_test)))
degree=[1,2,3]
rsquared =[rsquared1,rsquared2,rsquared3]
fig2=plt.plot(degree,rsquared)
fig2=plt.title("Polynomial regression - R squared vs Degree of polynomial")
fig2=plt.xlabel("Degree")
fig2=plt.ylabel("R squared")
fig2.figure.savefig('foo2.png', bbox_inches='tight')
print "Finished plotting and saving"

## R-squared score - Polynomial degree 1 (training): 0.811
## R-squared score - Polynomial degree 1 (test): 0.799
## R-squared score - Polynomial degree 2 (training): 0.861
## R-squared score - Polynomial degree 2 (test): 0.847
## 
## (R-squared score -Polynomial degree 3  (training): 0.933
## R-squared score Polynomial degree 3 (test): 0.710
## 
## Finished plotting and saving

1.4 K Nearest Neighbors

The code below implements KNN Regression both for R and Python. This is done for different neighbors. The R squared is computed in each case. This is repeated after performing feature scaling. It can be seen the model fit is much better after feature scaling. Normalization refers to

Another technique that is used is Standardization which is

1.4a K Nearest Neighbors Regression – R( Unnormalized)

The R code below does not use feature scaling

# KNN regression requires the FNN package
df=read.csv("auto_mpg.csv",stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # Data from UCI
df1 <- as.data.frame(sapply(df,as.numeric))

df2 <- df1 %>% select(cylinder,displacement, horsepower,weight, acceleration, year,mpg)
df3 <- df2[complete.cases(df2),]

# Split train and test
train_idx <- trainTestSplit(df3,trainPercent=75,seed=5)
train <- df3[train_idx, ]
test <- df3[-train_idx, ]
#  Select the feature variables
train.X=train[,1:6]
# Set the target for training
train.Y=train[,7]
# Do the same for test set
test.X=test[,1:6]
test.Y=test[,7]

rsquared <- NULL
# Create a list of neighbors
neighbors <-c(1,2,4,8,10,14)
for(i in seq_along(neighbors)){
    # Perform a KNN regression fit
    knn=knn.reg(train.X,test.X,train.Y,k=neighbors[i])
    # Compute R sqaured
    rsquared[i]=knnRSquared(knn$pred,test.Y)
}

# Make a dataframe for plotting
df <- data.frame(neighbors,Rsquared=rsquared)
# Plot the number of neighors vs the R squared
ggplot(df,aes(x=neighbors,y=Rsquared)) + geom_point() +geom_line(color="blue") +
    xlab("Number of neighbors") + ylab("R squared") +
    ggtitle("KNN regression - R squared vs Number of Neighors (Unnormalized)")

1.4b K Nearest Neighbors Regression – Python( Unnormalized)

The Python code below does not use feature scaling

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
autoDF =pd.read_csv("auto_mpg.csv",encoding="ISO-8859-1")
autoDF.shape
autoDF.columns
autoDF1=autoDF[['mpg','cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
autoDF2 = autoDF1.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
autoDF3=autoDF2.dropna()
autoDF3.shape
X=autoDF3[['cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
y=autoDF3['mpg']

# Perform a train/test split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state = 0)
# Create a list of neighbors
rsquared=[]
neighbors=[1,2,4,8,10,14]
for i in neighbors:
        # Fit a KNN model
        knnreg = KNeighborsRegressor(n_neighbors = i).fit(X_train, y_train)
        # Compute R squared
        rsquared.append(knnreg.score(X_test, y_test))
        print('R-squared test score: {:.3f}'
        .format(knnreg.score(X_test, y_test)))
# Plot the number of neighors vs the R squared        
fig3=plt.plot(neighbors,rsquared)
fig3=plt.title("KNN regression - R squared vs Number of neighbors(Unnormalized)")
fig3=plt.xlabel("Neighbors")
fig3=plt.ylabel("R squared")
fig3.figure.savefig('foo3.png', bbox_inches='tight')
print "Finished plotting and saving"

## R-squared test score: 0.527
## R-squared test score: 0.678
## R-squared test score: 0.707
## R-squared test score: 0.684
## R-squared test score: 0.683
## R-squared test score: 0.670
## Finished plotting and saving

1.4c K Nearest Neighbors Regression – R( Normalized)

It can be seen that R squared improves when the features are normalized.

df=read.csv("auto_mpg.csv",stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # Data from UCI
df1 <- as.data.frame(sapply(df,as.numeric))

df2 <- df1 %>% select(cylinder,displacement, horsepower,weight, acceleration, year,mpg)
df3 <- df2[complete.cases(df2),]

# Perform MinMaxScaling of feature variables 
train.X.scaled=MinMaxScaler(train.X)
test.X.scaled=MinMaxScaler(test.X)

# Create a list of neighbors
rsquared <- NULL
neighbors <-c(1,2,4,6,8,10,12,15,20,25,30)
for(i in seq_along(neighbors)){
    # Fit a KNN model
    knn=knn.reg(train.X.scaled,test.X.scaled,train.Y,k=i)
    # Compute R ssquared
    rsquared[i]=knnRSquared(knn$pred,test.Y)
    
}

df <- data.frame(neighbors,Rsquared=rsquared)
# Plot the number of neighors vs the R squared 
ggplot(df,aes(x=neighbors,y=Rsquared)) + geom_point() +geom_line(color="blue") +
    xlab("Number of neighbors") + ylab("R squared") +
    ggtitle("KNN regression - R squared vs Number of Neighors(Normalized)")

1.4d K Nearest Neighbors Regression – Python( Normalized)

R squared improves when the features are normalized with MinMaxScaling

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
autoDF =pd.read_csv("auto_mpg.csv",encoding="ISO-8859-1")
autoDF.shape
autoDF.columns
autoDF1=autoDF[['mpg','cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
autoDF2 = autoDF1.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
autoDF3=autoDF2.dropna()
autoDF3.shape
X=autoDF3[['cylinder','displacement','horsepower','weight','acceleration','year']]
y=autoDF3['mpg']

# Perform a train/ test  split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state = 0)
# Use MinMaxScaling
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
# Apply scaling on test set
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Create a list of neighbors
rsquared=[]
neighbors=[1,2,4,6,8,10,12,15,20,25,30]
for i in neighbors:
    # Fit a KNN model
    knnreg = KNeighborsRegressor(n_neighbors = i).fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    # Compute R squared
    rsquared.append(knnreg.score(X_test_scaled, y_test))
    print('R-squared test score: {:.3f}'
        .format(knnreg.score(X_test_scaled, y_test)))

# Plot the number of neighors vs the R squared 
fig4=plt.plot(neighbors,rsquared)
fig4=plt.title("KNN regression - R squared vs Number of neighbors(Normalized)")
fig4=plt.xlabel("Neighbors")
fig4=plt.ylabel("R squared")
fig4.figure.savefig('foo4.png', bbox_inches='tight')
print "Finished plotting and saving"

## R-squared test score: 0.703
## R-squared test score: 0.810
## R-squared test score: 0.830
## R-squared test score: 0.838
## R-squared test score: 0.834
## R-squared test score: 0.828
## R-squared test score: 0.827
## R-squared test score: 0.826
## R-squared test score: 0.816
## R-squared test score: 0.815
## R-squared test score: 0.809
## Finished plotting and saving

Conclusion

In this initial post I cover the regression models when the output is continous. I intend to touch upon other Machine Learning algorithms.
Comments, suggestions and corrections are welcome.

Watch this this space!

To be continued….