This is the final set of presentations in my series ‘Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning’. This set follows the earlier 2 sets of presentations namely
1. My presentations on ‘Elements of Neural Networks & Deep Learning’ -Part1,2,3
2. My presentations on ‘Elements of Neural Networks & Deep Learning’ -Parts 4,5

In this final set of presentations I discuss initialization methods, regularization techniques including dropout. Next I also discuss gradient descent optimization methods like momentum, rmsprop, adam etc. Lastly, I briefly also touch on hyper-parameter tuning approaches. The corresponding implementations are available in vectorized R, Python and Octave are available in my book ‘Deep Learning from first principles:Second edition- In vectorized Python, R and Octave‘

1. Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning – Part 6
This part discusses initialization methods specifically like He and Xavier. The presentation also focuses on how to prevent over-fitting using regularization. Lastly the dropout method of regularization is also discusses

The corresponding implementations in vectorized R, Python and Octave of the above discussed methods are available in my post Deep Learning from first principles in Python, R and Octave – Part 6

2. Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning – Part 7
This presentation introduces exponentially weighted moving average and shows how this is used in different approaches to gradient descent optimization. The key techniques discussed are learning rate decay, momentum method, rmsprop and adam.

The equivalent implementations of the gradient descent optimization techniques in R, Python and Octave can be seen in my post Deep Learning from first principles in Python, R and Octave – Part 7

3. Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning – Part 8
This last part touches upon hyper-parameter tuning in Deep Learning networks

This concludes this series of presentations on “Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning’

Important note: Do check out my later version of these videos at Take 4+: Presentations on ‘Elements of Neural Networks and Deep Learning’ – Parts 1-8 . These have more content and also include some corrections. Check it out!

Checkout my book ‘Deep Learning from first principles: Second Edition – In vectorized Python, R and Octave’. My book starts with the implementation of a simple 2-layer Neural Network and works its way to a generic L-Layer Deep Learning Network, with all the bells and whistles. The derivations have been discussed in detail. The code has been extensively commented and included in its entirety in the Appendix sections. My book is available on Amazon as paperback ($18.99) and and in kindle version($9.99/Rs449).

To see all posts click Index of posts

“Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than You.”
Dr. Seuss

“Explanations exist; they have existed for all time; there is always a well-known solution to every human problem — neat, plausible, and wrong.”
H L Mencken

Introduction

In this 6th instalment of ‘Deep Learning from first principles in Python, R and Octave-Part6’, I look at a couple of different initialization techniques used in Deep Learning, L2 regularization and the ‘dropout’ method. Specifically, I implement “He initialization” & “Xavier Initialization”. My earlier posts in this series of Deep Learning included

1. Part 1 – In the 1st part, I implemented logistic regression as a simple 2 layer Neural Network
2. Part 2 – In part 2, implemented the most basic of Neural Networks, with just 1 hidden layer, and any number of activation units in that hidden layer. The implementation was in vectorized Python, R and Octave
3. Part 3 -In part 3, I derive the equations and also implement a L-Layer Deep Learning network with either the relu, tanh or sigmoid activation function in Python, R and Octave. The output activation unit was a sigmoid function for logistic classification
4. Part 4 – This part looks at multi-class classification, and I derive the Jacobian of a Softmax function and implement a simple problem to perform multi-class classification.
5. Part 5 – In the 5th part, I extend the L-Layer Deep Learning network implemented in Part 3, to include the Softmax classification. I also use this L-layer implementation to classify MNIST handwritten digits with Python, R and Octave.

The code in Python, R and Octave are identical, and just take into account some of the minor idiosyncrasies of the individual language. In this post, I implement different initialization techniques (random, He, Xavier), L2 regularization and finally dropout. Hence my generic L-Layer Deep Learning network includes these additional enhancements for enabling/disabling initialization methods, regularization or dropout in the algorithm. It already included sigmoid & softmax output activation for binary and multi-class classification, besides allowing relu, tanh and sigmoid activation for hidden units.

A video presentation of regularization and initialization techniques can be also be viewed in Neural Networks 6

This R Markdown file and the code for Python, R and Octave can be cloned/downloaded from Github at DeepLearning-Part6

You may also like my companion book “Practical Machine Learning with R and Python:Second Edition- Machine Learning in stereo” available in Amazon in paperback($10.99) and Kindle($7.99/Rs449) versions. This book is ideal for a quick reference of the various ML functions and associated measurements in both R and Python which are essential to delve deep into Deep Learning.

1. Initialization techniques

The usual initialization technique is to generate Gaussian or uniform random numbers and multiply it by a small value like 0.01. Two techniques which are used to speed up convergence is the He initialization or Xavier. These initialization techniques enable gradient descent to converge faster.

1.1 a Default initialization – Python

This technique just initializes the weights to small random values based on Gaussian or uniform distribution

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())
#Load the data
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
# Set the layers dimensions
layersDimensions = [2,7,1]

# Train a deep learning network with random initialization
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(train_X, train_Y, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu', outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",learningRate = 0.6, num_iterations = 9000, initType="default", print_cost = True,figure="fig1.png")

# Clear the plot
plt.clf()
plt.close()

# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y,str(0.6),figure1="fig2.png")

1.1 b He initialization – Python

‘He’ initialization attributed to He et al, multiplies the random weights by
$\sqrt{\frac{2}{dimension\ of\ previous\ layer}}$

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())

#Load the data
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
# Set the layers dimensions
layersDimensions = [2,7,1]

# Train a deep learning network with He  initialization
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(train_X, train_Y, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu', outputActivationFunc="sigmoid", learningRate =0.6,    num_iterations = 10000,initType="He",print_cost = True,                           figure="fig3.png")

plt.clf()
plt.close()
# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y,str(0.6),figure1="fig4.png")

1.1 c Xavier initialization – Python

Xavier initialization multiply the random weights by
$\sqrt{\frac{1}{dimension\ of\ previous\ layer}}$

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())

#Load the data
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
# Set the layers dimensions
layersDimensions = [2,7,1]
 
# Train a L layer Deep Learning network
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(train_X, train_Y, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu', outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.6,num_iterations = 10000, initType="Xavier",print_cost = True,
                            figure="fig5.png")

# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y,str(0.6),figure1="fig6.png")

1.2a Default initialization – R

source("DLfunctions61.R")
#Load the data
z <- as.matrix(read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)) 
x <- z[,1:2]
y <- z[,3]
X <- t(x)
Y <- t(y)
#Set the layer dimensions
layersDimensions = c(2,11,1)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.5,
                            numIterations = 8000, 
                            initType="default",
                            print_cost = True)

#Plot the cost vs iterations
iterations <- seq(0,8000,1000)
costs=retvals$costs
df=data.frame(iterations,costs)
ggplot(df,aes(x=iterations,y=costs)) + geom_point() + geom_line(color="blue") +
 ggtitle("Costs vs iterations") + xlab("No of iterations") + ylab("Cost")

# Plot the decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(z,retvals,hiddenActivationFunc="relu",lr=0.5)

1.2b He initialization – R

The code for ‘He’ initilaization in R is included below

# He Initialization model for L layers
# Input : List of units in each layer
# Returns: Initial weights and biases matrices for all layers
# He initilization multiplies the random numbers with sqrt(2/layerDimensions[previouslayer])
HeInitializeDeepModel <- function(layerDimensions){
    set.seed(2)
    
    # Initialize empty list
    layerParams <- list()
    
    # Note the Weight matrix at layer 'l' is a matrix of size (l,l-1)
    # The Bias is a vectors of size (l,1)
    
    # Loop through the layer dimension from 1.. L
    # Indices in R start from 1
    for(l in 2:length(layersDimensions)){
        # Initialize a matrix of small random numbers of size l x l-1
        # Create random numbers of size  l x l-1
        w=rnorm(layersDimensions[l]*layersDimensions[l-1])
        
        # Create a weight matrix of size l x l-1 with this initial weights and
        # Add to list W1,W2... WL
        # He initialization - Divide by sqrt(2/layerDimensions[previous layer])
        layerParams[[paste('W',l-1,sep="")]] = matrix(w,nrow=layersDimensions[l],
                                                      ncol=layersDimensions[l-1])*sqrt(2/layersDimensions[l-1])
        layerParams[[paste('b',l-1,sep="")]] = matrix(rep(0,layersDimensions[l]),
                                                      nrow=layersDimensions[l],ncol=1)
    }
    return(layerParams)
}

The code in R below uses He initialization to learn the data

source("DLfunctions61.R")
# Load the data
z <- as.matrix(read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)) 
x <- z[,1:2]
y <- z[,3]
X <- t(x)
Y <- t(y)
# Set the layer dimensions
layersDimensions = c(2,11,1)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.5,
                            numIterations = 9000, 
                            initType="He",
                            print_cost = True)

#Plot the cost vs iterations
iterations <- seq(0,9000,1000)
costs=retvals$costs
df=data.frame(iterations,costs)
ggplot(df,aes(x=iterations,y=costs)) + geom_point() + geom_line(color="blue") +
    ggtitle("Costs vs iterations") + xlab("No of iterations") + ylab("Cost")

# Plot the decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(z,retvals,hiddenActivationFunc="relu",0.5,lr=0.5)

1.2c Xavier initialization – R

## Xav initialization 
# Set the layer dimensions
layersDimensions = c(2,11,1)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.5,
                            numIterations = 9000, 
                            initType="Xav",
                            print_cost = True)

#Plot the cost vs iterations
iterations <- seq(0,9000,1000)
costs=retvals$costs
df=data.frame(iterations,costs)
ggplot(df,aes(x=iterations,y=costs)) + geom_point() + geom_line(color="blue") +
    ggtitle("Costs vs iterations") + xlab("No of iterations") + ylab("Cost")

# Plot the decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(z,retvals,hiddenActivationFunc="relu",0.5)

1.3a Default initialization – Octave

source("DL61functions.m")
# Read the data
data=csvread("circles.csv");

X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
# Set the layer dimensions
layersDimensions = [2 11  1]; #tanh=-0.5(ok), #relu=0.1 best!

# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                               learningRate = 0.5,
                               lambd=0, 
                               keep_prob=1,
                               numIterations = 10000,
                               initType="default");
# Plot cost vs iterations
plotCostVsIterations(10000,costs)  
#Plot decision boundary                            
plotDecisionBoundary(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1, hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

1.3b He initialization – Octave

source("DL61functions.m")
#Load data
data=csvread("circles.csv");
X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
# Set the layer dimensions
layersDimensions = [2 11  1]; #tanh=-0.5(ok), #relu=0.1 best!

# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                               learningRate = 0.5,
                               lambd=0, 
                               keep_prob=1,
                               numIterations = 8000,
                               initType="He");
plotCostVsIterations(8000,costs)   
#Plot decision boundary                              
plotDecisionBoundary(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1,hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

1.3c Xavier initialization – Octave

The code snippet for Xavier initialization in Octave is shown below

source("DL61functions.m")
# Xavier Initialization for L layers
# Input : List of units in each layer
# Returns: Initial weights and biases matrices for all layers
function [W b] = XavInitializeDeepModel(layerDimensions)
    rand ("seed", 3);
    # note the Weight matrix at layer 'l' is a matrix of size (l,l-1)
    # The Bias is a vectors of size (l,1)
    
    # Loop through the layer dimension from 1.. L
    # Create cell arrays for Weights and biases

    for l =2:size(layerDimensions)(2)
         W{l-1} = rand(layerDimensions(l),layerDimensions(l-1))* sqrt(1/layerDimensions(l-1)); #  Multiply by .01 
         b{l-1} = zeros(layerDimensions(l),1);       
   
    endfor
end

The Octave code below uses Xavier initialization

source("DL61functions.m")
#Load data
data=csvread("circles.csv");
X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
#Set layer dimensions
layersDimensions = [2 11 1]; #tanh=-0.5(ok), #relu=0.1 best!

# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
learningRate = 0.5,
lambd=0,
keep_prob=1,
numIterations = 8000,
initType="Xav");

plotCostVsIterations(8000,costs)
plotDecisionBoundary(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1,hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

2.1a Regularization : Circles data – Python

The cross entropy cost for Logistic classification is given as $J = \frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}y^{i}log((a^{L})^{(i)}) - (1-y^{i})log((a^{L})^{(i)})$ The regularized L2 cost is given by $J = \frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}y^{i}log((a^{L})^{(i)}) - (1-y^{i})log((a^{L})^{(i)}) + \frac{\lambda}{2m}\sum \sum \sum W_{kj}^{l}$

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())

#Load the data
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
# Set the layers dimensions
layersDimensions = [2,7,1]

# Train a deep learning network
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(train_X, train_Y, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu',  
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",learningRate = 0.6, lambd=0.1, num_iterations = 9000, 
                               initType="default", print_cost = True,figure="fig7.png")

# Clear the plot
plt.clf()
plt.close()

# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), train_X, train_Y,str(0.6),figure1="fig8.png")


plt.clf()
plt.close()
#Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T,keep_prob=0.9), train_X, train_Y,str(2.2),"fig8.png",)

2.1 b Regularization: Spiral data – Python

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())
N = 100 # number of points per class
D = 2 # dimensionality
K = 3 # number of classes
X = np.zeros((N*K,D)) # data matrix (each row = single example)
y = np.zeros(N*K, dtype='uint8') # class labels
for j in range(K):
  ix = range(N*j,N*(j+1))
  r = np.linspace(0.0,1,N) # radius
  t = np.linspace(j*4,(j+1)*4,N) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # theta
  X[ix] = np.c_[r*np.sin(t), r*np.cos(t)]
  y[ix] = j


# Plot the data
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.clf()
plt.close() 
#Set layer dimensions 
layersDimensions = [2,100,3]
y1=y.reshape(-1,1).T
# Train a deep learning network
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(X.T, y1, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu', outputActivationFunc="softmax",
                           learningRate = 1,lambd=1e-3, num_iterations = 5000, print_cost = True,figure="fig9.png")

plt.clf()
plt.close()  
W1=parameters['W1']
b1=parameters['b1']
W2=parameters['W2']
b2=parameters['b2']
plot_decision_boundary1(X, y1,W1,b1,W2,b2,figure2="fig10.png")

2.2a Regularization: Circles data – R

source("DLfunctions61.R")
#Load data
df=read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)
z <- as.matrix(read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)) 
x <- z[,1:2]
y <- z[,3]
X <- t(x)
Y <- t(y)
#Set layer dimensions
layersDimensions = c(2,11,1)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.5,
                            lambd=0.1,
                            numIterations = 9000, 
                            initType="default",
                            print_cost = True)

#Plot the cost vs iterations
iterations <- seq(0,9000,1000)
costs=retvals$costs
df=data.frame(iterations,costs)
ggplot(df,aes(x=iterations,y=costs)) + geom_point() + geom_line(color="blue") +
    ggtitle("Costs vs iterations") + xlab("No of iterations") + ylab("Cost")

# Plot the decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(z,retvals,hiddenActivationFunc="relu",0.5)

2.2b Regularization:Spiral data – R

# Read the spiral dataset
#Load the data
source("DLfunctions61.R")
Z <- as.matrix(read.csv("spiral.csv",header=FALSE)) 

# Setup the data
X <- Z[,1:2]
y <- Z[,3]
X <- t(X)
Y <- t(y)
layersDimensions = c(2, 100, 3)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
outputActivationFunc="softmax",
learningRate = 0.5,
lambd=0.01,
numIterations = 9000,
print_cost = True)
print_cost = True)

parameters<-retvals$parameters
plotDecisionBoundary1(Z,parameters)

2.3a Regularization: Circles data – Octave

source("DL61functions.m")
#Load data
data=csvread("circles.csv");
X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
layersDimensions = [2 11  1]; #tanh=-0.5(ok), #relu=0.1 best!

# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                               learningRate = 0.5,
                               lambd=0.2,
                               keep_prob=1,
                               numIterations = 8000,
                               initType="default");

plotCostVsIterations(8000,costs)  
#Plot decision boundary                              
plotDecisionBoundary(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1,hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

2.3b Regularization:Spiral data 2 – Octave

source("DL61functions.m")
data=csvread("spiral.csv");

# Setup the data
X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
layersDimensions = [2 100 3]
# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="softmax",
                               learningRate = 0.6,
                               lambd=0.2,
                               keep_prob=1,
                               numIterations = 10000);
                              
plotCostVsIterations(10000,costs)
#Plot decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary1(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1,hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

3.1 a Dropout: Circles data – Python

The ‘dropout’ regularization technique was used with great effectiveness, to prevent overfitting by Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever and Prof Geoffrey E. Hinton in the Imagenet classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

The technique of dropout works by dropping a random set of activation units in each hidden layer, based on a ‘keep_prob’ criteria in the forward propagation cycle. Here is the code for Octave. A ‘dropoutMat’ is created for each layer which specifies which units to drop Note: The same ‘dropoutMat has to be used which computing the gradients in the backward propagation cycle. Hence the dropout matrices are stored in a cell array.

 for l =1:L-1  
    ...      
    D=rand(size(A)(1),size(A)(2));
    D = (D < keep_prob) ;
    # Zero out some hidden units
    A= A .* D;    
    # Divide by keep_prob to keep the expected value of A the same                                  
    A = A ./ keep_prob; 
    # Store D in a dropoutMat cell array
    dropoutMat{l}=D;
    ...
 endfor

In the backward propagation cycle we have

    for l =(L-1):-1:1
          ...
          D = dropoutMat{l};  
          # Zero out the dAl based on same dropout matrix       
          dAl= dAl .* D;   
          # Divide by keep_prob to maintain the expected value                                       
          dAl = dAl ./ keep_prob;
          ...
    endfor

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())
#Load the data
train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = load_dataset()
# Set the layers dimensions
layersDimensions = [2,7,1]

# Train a deep learning network
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(train_X, train_Y, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu',  
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",learningRate = 0.6, keep_prob=0.7, num_iterations = 9000, 
                               initType="default", print_cost = True,figure="fig11.png")

# Clear the plot
plt.clf()
plt.close()

# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T,keep_prob=0.7), train_X, train_Y,str(0.6),figure1="fig12.png")

3.1b Dropout: Spiral data – Python

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sklearn.linear_model
import pandas as pd
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
exec(open("DLfunctions61.py").read())
# Create an input data set - Taken from CS231n Convolutional Neural networks,
# http://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-case-study/
               

N = 100 # number of points per class
D = 2 # dimensionality
K = 3 # number of classes
X = np.zeros((N*K,D)) # data matrix (each row = single example)
y = np.zeros(N*K, dtype='uint8') # class labels
for j in range(K):
  ix = range(N*j,N*(j+1))
  r = np.linspace(0.0,1,N) # radius
  t = np.linspace(j*4,(j+1)*4,N) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # theta
  X[ix] = np.c_[r*np.sin(t), r*np.cos(t)]
  y[ix] = j


# Plot the data
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.clf()
plt.close()  
layersDimensions = [2,100,3]
y1=y.reshape(-1,1).T
# Train a deep learning network
parameters = L_Layer_DeepModel(X.T, y1, layersDimensions, hiddenActivationFunc='relu', outputActivationFunc="softmax",
                           learningRate = 1,keep_prob=0.9, num_iterations = 5000, print_cost = True,figure="fig13.png")

plt.clf()
plt.close()  
W1=parameters['W1']
b1=parameters['b1']
W2=parameters['W2']
b2=parameters['b2']
#Plot decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary1(X, y1,W1,b1,W2,b2,figure2="fig14.png")

3.2a Dropout: Circles data – R

source("DLfunctions61.R")
#Load data
df=read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)
z <- as.matrix(read.csv("circles.csv",header=FALSE)) 

x <- z[,1:2]
y <- z[,3]
X <- t(x)
Y <- t(y)
layersDimensions = c(2,11,1)
# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                            learningRate = 0.5,
                            keep_prob=0.8,
                            numIterations = 9000, 
                            initType="default",
                            print_cost = True)

# Plot the decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(z,retvals,keep_prob=0.6, hiddenActivationFunc="relu",0.5)

3.2b Dropout: Spiral data – R

# Read the spiral dataset
source("DLfunctions61.R")
# Load data
Z <- as.matrix(read.csv("spiral.csv",header=FALSE)) 

# Setup the data
X <- Z[,1:2]
y <- Z[,3]
X <- t(X)
Y <- t(y)

# Train a deep learning network
retvals = L_Layer_DeepModel(X, Y, layersDimensions,
                            hiddenActivationFunc='relu',
                            outputActivationFunc="softmax",
                            learningRate = 0.1,
                            keep_prob=0.90,
                            numIterations = 9000, 
                            print_cost = True)

parameters<-retvals$parameters
#Plot decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary1(Z,parameters)

3.3a Dropout: Circles data – Octave

data=csvread("circles.csv");

X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);
layersDimensions = [2 11  1]; #tanh=-0.5(ok), #relu=0.1 best!

# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="sigmoid",
                               learningRate = 0.5,
                               lambd=0,
                               keep_prob=0.8,
                               numIterations = 10000,
                               initType="default");
plotCostVsIterations(10000,costs) 
#Plot decision boundary
plotDecisionBoundary1(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1, hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

3.3b Dropout Spiral data – Octave

source("DL61functions.m")
data=csvread("spiral.csv");

# Setup the data
X=data(:,1:2);
Y=data(:,3);

layersDimensions = [numFeats numHidden  numOutput];  
# Train a deep learning network
[weights biases costs]=L_Layer_DeepModel(X', Y', layersDimensions,
                               hiddenActivationFunc='relu', 
                               outputActivationFunc="softmax",
                               learningRate = 0.1,
                               lambd=0,
                               keep_prob=0.8,
                               numIterations = 10000); 

plotCostVsIterations(10000,costs)    
#Plot decision boundary                            
plotDecisionBoundary1(data,weights, biases,keep_prob=1, hiddenActivationFunc="relu")

Note: The Python, R and Octave code can be cloned/downloaded from Github at DeepLearning-Part6
Conclusion
This post further enhances my earlier L-Layer generic implementation of a Deep Learning network to include options for initialization techniques, L2 regularization or dropout regularization

References
1. Deep Learning Specialization
2. Neural Networks for Machine Learning

Also see
1. Architecting a cloud based IP Multimedia System (IMS)
2. Using Linear Programming (LP) for optimizing bowling change or batting lineup in T20 cricket
3. My book ‘Practical Machine Learning with R and Python’ on Amazon
4. Simulating a Web Joint in Android
5. Inswinger: yorkr swings into International T20s
6. Introducing QCSimulator: A 5-qubit quantum computing simulator in R
7. Computer Vision: Ramblings on derivatives, histograms and contours
8. Bend it like Bluemix, MongoDB using Auto-scale – Part 1!
9. The 3rd paperback & kindle editions of my books on Cricket, now on Amazon