Installing and configuring a dual boot Fedora 16 with Windows XP using a bootable USB

Here the steps to create a dual boot of Fedora 16 with Windows XP using a bootable USB. I was forced to install from a USB as my DVD/CD drive had other ideas and wouldn’t read my Fedora 16 DVD.

Anyway creating a dual boot option with a USB was fairly straightforward. I have outlined the steps below

1) Download an image of Fedora 16 based on your hardware architecture. I downloaded Fedora 16 (Fedora-16-i686-Live-Desktop .iso) from this site http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora

2) Next download and install the LiveUSB creator from https://fedorahosted.org/liveusb-creator/

3) Insert your USB stick into a USB slot.

4) Run the LiveUSB creator. This will detect your USB stick. (It is possible to skip step 1 and have the LiveUSB creator download the Fedora 16 image but I was getting a SHA error. So it is better to go through Step 1)

5) In the LiveUSB Creator window, click browse and open your downloaded ISO image, Fedora-16-i686-Live-Desktop .iso. Set the persistent storage to around 750 MB and then click create USB

6) This will verify your download and create a bootable USB stick for you.

7) At this point you would have to do the following. For a dual boot option you need to create free space on your disk on which you can install your Fedora 16.So I did the following. I had a primary partition C drive with 70GB and an extended partition with the logical drive D. Fortunately my PC had no data. So I deleted the D drive and then created an extended partition with 35 GB and left around 35 GB of free space.

8) Now restart your PC. Before it boots hit F2 so that you get the BIOS setting.

9) Go to the “boot” tab and choose Boot from USB and click Enable. Save your settings with F10.

10) With your USB still in the USB slot the PC will continue to boot but will do so from the USB stick

11) The system will continue to Boot. Select Start Fedora 16. The right corner should show LiveCD

12) Click Applications. You should see “Install to hard drive”

13) Click this. At this point please see these 2 links as they have many screen shots for configuring Fedora 17

http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-fedora-16-i686-gnome

http://www.if-not-true-then-false.com/2011/fedora-16-verne-install-guide-with-screenshots/

14) I followed these links except the step “Installation Type”. Here I chose the 4^th Option “Use Free space” which I had created for 35 GB. This does not touch your data & files.

15) In the Select Storage devices make sure you choose the “Data Storage device” (your free space) and move it right to “Install target devices”

16) You will get a Confirm changes to disk popup. Choose write changes to disk.

17) The installation will start and will install your Fedora 16.

18) You can then set system time, create users etc.

19) Your Fedora 16 installation is now ready.

20) You might want to restart the system. You will see now options to either boot from Fedora 16 or Windows XP.

I would suggest that you select F2, go to the boot tab and disable the boot from USB first option. Now you have a dual boot option Fedora 16 or Windows XP.

Note: I personally did not like the default desktop which Fedora 16 provides. For one the terminal window does not have a minimize, maximize and close icons on the title bar. Also the Window/Application is pain. If you want the default desktop interface this is what you have to do.

Click the username on the top right corner of the Fedora 16 Click System Settings, scroll down to System Info. Select Graphics and set Forced Fallback Mode to “On”. Log out and log in and hey presto , all terminal windows have the the icons properly and the desktop has the older menu style.

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Re-working the Lucy Richardson algorithm in OpenCV

Here is my latest attempt at deblurring using the Lucy-Richardson algorithm. For this I looked up the chapter on Iterative deconvolution and the Lucy Richardson algorithm in scribd.

As mentioned in my previous posts the blurred image can be represented as
We can represent the ill-posed blurring problem as
b(x,y) = i(x,y) ** k(x,y) + n(x,y)
where b(x,y) is the blurred image, i(x,y) the original image, k(x,y) the blur kernel and n(x,y) the noise function. If our estimate of the original image is good then n(x,y) = 0

Hence b(x,y) – i(x,y) ** k(x,y) = 0
If we add i(x,y) to both sides of the equation we have
i(x,y) = i(x,y) + b(x,y) – i(x,y) ** k(x,y)
This can be represented iteratively as
ik+1(x,y) = ik(x,y) + b(x,y) – ik(x,y) ** k(x,y) (1)

The underlined terms is the error correction.
We have to add the previous estimate with the error correction to get the new estimate.
Now we can seed this by setting ik(x,y) with the blurred image.
Hence our iteration 1 we would substitute
ik(x,y) = b(x,y) in Eqn (1)
So I have done this as follows
I have chosen a blur kernel
double a[9] = {0,40,0,0,40,0,0,40,0};

In the 1^st iteration I convolve the blurred image with the kernel
cvFilter2D(im,im_conv_kernel,&kernel1,cvPoint(-1,-1)); – A
To get the error correction I subtract with the convolved term
cvSub(im,im_conv_kernel,im_correction, 0); – B
Now I add the previous estimate with the error correction to get the new estimate
cvAdd(im,im_correction,im_new_est,NULL); – C

Finally I repeat the process
im = im_new_est;
im = cvCloneImage(im_new_est); – D
The convolved image, the error correction and the estimates of the nth iteration is shown below

The 7th,8th and 9th iteration are shown below

Note: You can clone the code from GitHub – An implementation of Lucy-Richardson algorithm in OpenCV

The complete code is given below
// deconvlucy.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//
// ===================================================================================================================================
// ========================================================Lucy-Richardson algorithm ===================================
//
// Author: Tinniam V Ganesh
// Developed 14 May 2012
// File: deconvlucy.cpp
//=====================================================================================================================================
#include “stdafx.h”
#include “math.h”
#include <cxcore.h>
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>

#define kappa 10000
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
IplImage* im;
IplImage* im_conv_kernel;
IplImage* im_correction;
IplImage* im_new;
IplImage* im_new_est;
IplImage* im1;

char str[80];
int i;
CvMat* cvShowDFT1(IplImage*, int, int,char*);
IplImage* cvShowInvDFT1(IplImage*, CvMat*, int, int,char*);

im1 = cvLoadImage(“kutty-1.jpg”);
cvNamedWindow(“Original-Color”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Original-Color”, im1);
im = cvLoadImage(“kutty-1.jpg”, CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE );
if( !im )
return -1;

cvNamedWindow(“Original-Gray”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Original-Gray”, im);

// fk+1(x,y) = fk(x,y)

for(i=0;i < 10;i++) {

// Convolve f0(x,y)= g(x,y) with blur kernel
// f0(x,y) ** kernel

// Create a blur kernel
//double a[9]={-1,200,1,-1,200,1,-1,200,1};
//double a[9]={0,-1,0,-1,4,-1,0,-1,0};
//double a[9]={-4,40,4,-4,40,4,-4,40,4};
//double a[9]={-1,2,-1,-1,2,-1,-1,2,-1};
double a[9] = {0,40,0,0,40,0,0,40,0};
CvMat kernel1 = cvMat(3,3,CV_32FC1,a);

// Convolve the kernel with the blurred image as the seed i0(x,y) ** k(x,y)
im_conv_kernel= cvCloneImage(im);
cvFilter2D(im,im_conv_kernel,&kernel1,cvPoint(-1,-1));

cvNamedWindow(“conv”, 0);
cvShowImage(“conv”, im_conv_kernel);

// Subtract from blurred image. Error correction = b(x,y) – ik(x,y) ** k(x.y)
im_correction = cvCreateImage(cvSize(383,357),8,1);;
cvSub(im,im_conv_kernel,im_correction, 0);
cvNamedWindow(“Sub”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Sub”, im_correction);

// Add ik(x,y) with imCorrection – ik(x,y) + b(x,y) – ik(x,y) ** k(x,y)
im_new_est = cvCreateImage(cvSize(383,357),8,1);;
cvAdd(im,im_correction,im_new_est,NULL);

cvNamedWindow(“Add”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Add”, im_new_est);
sprintf(str,”Iteration – %d”,i);
cvNamedWindow(str, 0);
cvShowImage(str, im_new_est);

//Set the estimate as the previous estimate and repeat
im = im_new_est;
im = cvCloneImage(im_new_est);
}
cvWaitKey(-1);
return 0;
}

Deblurring with OpenCV: Weiner filter reloaded

The problem of deblurring has really caught my fancy though I have only had partial success with it. Deblurring is basically an ill-posed problem where there are 2 unknowns namely the original image and a blurring function. There are many solutions to this problem involving a fair amount of mathematics.

Every now and then I will sneak into some white paper on this topic only to beat a hasty retreat gulping for air as I get drowned in the abstract math. Anyway my search led me to the following presentation “Deblurring in CT (Computer Tomography)” by Kriti Sen Sharma which seemed to make a lot of sense. This presentation shows how a PSF (Point Spread Function or the blur kernel) can blur an image as shown below.

Further it can be shown that the Wiener filter can be represented as
W(u) = P(u*)
——-
|P(u)|^2 + K

Where P(u) is PSD (Point Spread Distribution) of the blur kernel. K is S/N or signal to noise ratio.

For the PSF I took the Gaussian distribution given in Wikipedia – Gaussian blur given by

I tried with various values of SIGMA. The best value was SIGMA = 0.014089642. I get just one pixel with a value of > 0. This is shown below.

I also tried various values of K. The larger the K the clearer was the DFT INVERSE. This was the best I got.

I am still nowhere near removing the blur but I will get there sometime in the future.
Any and all comments welcome.

Note: You can clone the code from GitHub: Weiner filter reloaded

I am including the code executed with Visual Studio 2010 express

//======================================================================================================================
// Wiener filter implemention using Gaussian blur kernel
// Developed by: Tinniam V Ganesh
// Date: 11 May 2012
//======================================================================================================================
#include “stdafx.h”
#include “math.h”
#include <cxcore.h>
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>

#define kappa 10000
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
int height,width,step,channels,depth;
uchar* data1;
CvMat *dft_A;
CvMat *dft_B;
CvMat *dft_C;
IplImage* im;
IplImage* im1;
IplImage* image_ReB;
IplImage* image_ImB;

IplImage* image_ReC;
IplImage* image_ImC;
IplImage* complex_ImC;
CvScalar val;
IplImage* k_image_hdr;
int i,j,k;

FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(“test.txt”,”w+”);
int dft_M,dft_N;
int dft_M1,dft_N1;

CvMat* cvShowDFT1(IplImage*, int, int,char*);
void cvShowInvDFT1(IplImage*, CvMat*, int, int,char*);

im1 = cvLoadImage(“kutty-1.jpg”);
cvNamedWindow(“Original-Color”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Original-Color”, im1);
im = cvLoadImage(“kutty-1.jpg”, CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE );
if( !im )
return -1;

cvNamedWindow(“Original-Gray”, 0);
cvShowImage(“Original-Gray”, im);
IplImage* k_image;
int rowLength= 11;
long double kernels[11*11];
CvMat kernel;
int x,y;
long double PI_F=3.14159265358979;

//long double SIGMA = 0.84089642;
long double SIGMA = 0.014089642;
//long double SIGMA = 0.00184089642;
long double EPS = 2.718;
long double numerator,denominator;
long double value,value1;
long double a,b,c,d;

numerator = (pow((float)-3,2) + pow((float) 0,2))/(2*pow((float)SIGMA,2));
printf(“Numerator=%f\n”,numerator);
denominator = sqrt((float) (2 * PI_F * pow(SIGMA,2)));
printf(“denominator=%1.8f\n”,denominator);

value = (pow((float)EPS, (float)-numerator))/denominator;
printf(“Value=%1.8f\n”,value);
for(x = -5; x < 6; x++){
for (y = -5; y < 6; y++)
{
//numerator = (pow((float)x,2) + pow((float) y,2))/(2*pow((float)SIGMA,2));
numerator = (pow((float)x,2) + pow((float)y,2))/(2.0*pow(SIGMA,2));
denominator = sqrt((2.0 * 3.14159265358979 * pow(SIGMA,2)));
value = (pow(EPS,-numerator))/denominator;
printf(” %1.8f “,value);
kernels[x*rowLength +y+55] = (float)value;

}
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“———————————\n”);
for (i=-5; i < 6; i++){
for(j=-5;j < 6;j++){
printf(” %1.8f “,kernels[i*rowLength +j+55]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
kernel= cvMat(rowLength, // number of rows
rowLength, // number of columns
CV_32FC1, // matrix data type
&kernels);
k_image_hdr = cvCreateImageHeader( cvSize(rowLength,rowLength), IPL_DEPTH_32F,1);
k_image = cvGetImage(&kernel,k_image_hdr);

height = k_image->height;
width = k_image->width;
step = k_image->widthStep/sizeof(float);
depth = k_image->depth;
channels = k_image->nChannels;
//data1 = (float *)(k_image->imageData);
data1 = (uchar *)(k_image->imageData);
cvNamedWindow(“blur kernel”, 0);
cvShowImage(“blur kernel”, k_image);

dft_M = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->height – 1 );
dft_N = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->width – 1 );
//dft_M1 = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->height+99 – 1 );
//dft_N1 = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->width+99 – 1 );
dft_M1 = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->height+3 – 1 );
dft_N1 = cvGetOptimalDFTSize( im->width+3 – 1 );
printf(“dft_N1=%d,dft_M1=%d\n”,dft_N1,dft_M1);

// Perform DFT of original image
dft_A = cvShowDFT1(im, dft_M1, dft_N1,”original”);
//Perform inverse (check)
//cvShowInvDFT1(im,dft_A,dft_M1,dft_N1, “original”); – Commented as it overwrites the DFT
// Perform DFT of kernel
dft_B = cvShowDFT1(k_image,dft_M1,dft_N1,”kernel”);
//Perform inverse of kernel (check)
//cvShowInvDFT1(k_image,dft_B,dft_M1,dft_N1, “kernel”);- Commented as it overwrites the DFT
// Multiply numerator with complex conjugate
dft_C = cvCreateMat( dft_M1, dft_N1, CV_64FC2 );
printf(“%d %d %d %d\n”,dft_M,dft_N,dft_M1,dft_N1);

// Multiply DFT(blurred image) * complex conjugate of blur kernel
cvMulSpectrums(dft_A,dft_B,dft_C,CV_DXT_MUL_CONJ);
//cvShowInvDFT1(im,dft_C,dft_M1,dft_N1,”blur1?);

// Split Fourier in real and imaginary parts
image_ReC = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N1, dft_M1), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
image_ImC = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N1, dft_M1), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
complex_ImC = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N1, dft_M1), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 2);
printf(“%d %d %d %d\n”, dft_M,dft_N,dft_M1,dft_N1);
//cvSplit( dft_C, image_ReC, image_ImC, 0, 0 );
cvSplit( dft_C, image_ReC, image_ImC, 0, 0 );

// Compute A^2 + B^2 of denominator or blur kernel
image_ReB = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N1, dft_M1), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
image_ImB = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N1, dft_M1), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);

// Split Real and imaginary parts
cvSplit( dft_B, image_ReB, image_ImB, 0, 0 );
cvPow( image_ReB, image_ReB, 2.0);
cvPow( image_ImB, image_ImB, 2.0);
cvAdd(image_ReB, image_ImB, image_ReB,0);
val = cvScalarAll(kappa);
cvAddS(image_ReB,val,image_ReB,0);
//Divide Numerator/A^2 + B^2
cvDiv(image_ReC, image_ReB, image_ReC, 1.0);
cvDiv(image_ImC, image_ReB, image_ImC, 1.0);

// Merge Real and complex parts
cvMerge(image_ReC, image_ImC, NULL, NULL, complex_ImC);
// Perform Inverse
cvShowInvDFT1(im, (CvMat *)complex_ImC,dft_M1,dft_N1,”Weiner o/p k=10000 SIGMA=0.014089642″);
cvWaitKey(-1);
return 0;
}

CvMat* cvShowDFT1(IplImage* im, int dft_M, int dft_N,char* src)
{
IplImage* realInput;
IplImage* imaginaryInput;
IplImage* complexInput;
CvMat* dft_A, tmp;
IplImage* image_Re;
IplImage* image_Im;
char str[80];
double m, M;
realInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
imaginaryInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
complexInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 2);
cvScale(im, realInput, 1.0, 0.0);
cvZero(imaginaryInput);
cvMerge(realInput, imaginaryInput, NULL, NULL, complexInput);

dft_A = cvCreateMat( dft_M, dft_N, CV_64FC2 );
image_Re = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N, dft_M), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
image_Im = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N, dft_M), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);

// copy A to dft_A and pad dft_A with zeros
cvGetSubRect( dft_A, &tmp, cvRect(0,0, im->width, im->height));
cvCopy( complexInput, &tmp, NULL );
if( dft_A->cols > im->width )
{
cvGetSubRect( dft_A, &tmp, cvRect(im->width,0, dft_A->cols – im->width, im->height));
cvZero( &tmp );
}
// no need to pad bottom part of dft_A with zeros because of
// use nonzero_rows parameter in cvDFT() call below

cvDFT( dft_A, dft_A, CV_DXT_FORWARD, complexInput->height );
strcpy(str,”DFT -“);
strcat(str,src);
cvNamedWindow(str, 0);

// Split Fourier in real and imaginary parts
cvSplit( dft_A, image_Re, image_Im, 0, 0 );
// Compute the magnitude of the spectrum Mag = sqrt(Re^2 + Im^2)
cvPow( image_Re, image_Re, 2.0);
cvPow( image_Im, image_Im, 2.0);
cvAdd( image_Re, image_Im, image_Re, NULL);
cvPow( image_Re, image_Re, 0.5 );

// Compute log(1 + Mag)
cvAddS( image_Re, cvScalarAll(1.0), image_Re, NULL ); // 1 + Mag
cvLog( image_Re, image_Re ); // log(1 + Mag)
cvMinMaxLoc(image_Re, &m, &M, NULL, NULL, NULL);
cvScale(image_Re, image_Re, 1.0/(M-m), 1.0*(-m)/(M-m));
cvShowImage(str, image_Re);
return(dft_A);
}

void cvShowInvDFT1(IplImage* im, CvMat* dft_A, int dft_M, int dft_N,char* src)
{
IplImage* realInput;
IplImage* imaginaryInput;
IplImage* complexInput;
IplImage * image_Re;
IplImage * image_Im;
double m, M;
char str[80];
realInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
imaginaryInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
complexInput = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(im), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 2);
image_Re = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N, dft_M), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);
image_Im = cvCreateImage( cvSize(dft_N, dft_M), IPL_DEPTH_64F, 1);

//cvDFT( dft_A, dft_A, CV_DXT_INV_SCALE, complexInput->height );
cvDFT( dft_A, dft_A, CV_DXT_INV_SCALE, dft_M);
strcpy(str,”DFT INVERSE – “);
strcat(str,src);
cvNamedWindow(str, 0);
// Split Fourier in real and imaginary parts
cvSplit( dft_A, image_Re, image_Im, 0, 0 );
// Compute the magnitude of the spectrum Mag = sqrt(Re^2 + Im^2)
cvPow( image_Re, image_Re, 2.0);
cvPow( image_Im, image_Im, 2.0);
cvAdd( image_Re, image_Im, image_Re, NULL);
cvPow( image_Re, image_Re, 0.5 );