# Deconstructing Convolutional Neural Networks with Tensorflow and Keras

I have been very fascinated by how Convolution Neural  Networks have been able to, so efficiently,  do image classification and image recognition CNN’s have been very successful in in both these tasks. A good paper that explores the workings of a CNN Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks  by Matthew D Zeiler and Rob Fergus. They show how through a reverse process of convolution using a deconvnet.

In their paper they show how by passing the feature map through a deconvnet ,which does the reverse process of the convnet, they can reconstruct what input pattern originally caused a given activation in the feature map

In the paper they say “A deconvnet can be thought of as a convnet model that uses the same components (filtering, pooling) but in reverse, so instead of mapping pixels to features, it does the opposite. An input image is presented to the CNN and features  activation computed throughout the layers. To examine a given convnet activation, we set all other activations in the layer to zero and pass the feature maps as input to the attached deconvnet layer. Then we successively (i) unpool, (ii) rectify and (iii) filter to reconstruct the activity in the layer beneath that gave rise to the chosen activation. This is then repeated until input pixel space is reached.”

I started to scout the internet to see how I can implement this reverse process of Convolution to understand what really happens under the hood of a CNN.  There are a lot of good articles and blogs, but I found this post Applied Deep Learning – Part 4: Convolutional Neural Networks take the visualization of the CNN one step further.

This post takes VGG16 as the pre-trained network and then uses this network to display the intermediate visualizations.  While this post was very informative and also the visualizations of the various images were very clear, I wanted to simplify the problem for my own understanding.

Hence I decided to take the MNIST digit classification as my base problem. I created a simple 3 layer CNN which gives close to 99.1% accuracy and decided to see if I could do the visualization.

As mentioned in the above post, there are 3 major visualisations

1. Feature activations at the layer
2. Visualisation of the filters
3. Visualisation of the class outputs

Feature Activation – This visualization the feature activation at the 3 different layers for a given input image. It can be seen that first layer  activates based on the edge of the image. Deeper layers activate in a more abstract way.

Visualization of the filters: This visualization shows what patterns the filters respond maximally to. This is implemented in Keras here

To do this the following is repeated in a loop

• Choose a loss function that maximizes the value of a convnet filter activation
• Do gradient ascent (maximization) in input space that increases the filter activation

Visualizing Class Outputs of the MNIST Convnet: This process is similar to determining the filter activation. Here the convnet is made to generate an image that represents the category maximally.

You can access the Google colab notebook here – Deconstructing Convolutional Neural Networks in Tensoflow and Keras

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Input
from keras.models import Model
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from keras.utils import np_utils

Using TensorFlow backend.
In [0]:
mnist=tf.keras.datasets.mnist
# Set training and test data and labels

In [0]:
#Normalize training data
X =np.array(training_images).reshape(training_images.shape[0],28,28,1)
# Normalize the images by dividing by 255.0
X = X/255.0
X.shape
# Use one hot encoding for the labels
Y = np_utils.to_categorical(training_labels, 10)
Y.shape
# Split training data into training and validation data in the ratio of 80:20
X_train, X_validation, y_train, y_validation = train_test_split(X,Y,test_size=0.20, random_state=42)

In [4]:
# Normalize test data
X_test =np.array(test_images).reshape(test_images.shape[0],28,28,1)
X_test=X_test/255.0
#Use OHE for the test labels
Y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(test_labels, 10)
X_test.shape

Out[4]:
(10000, 28, 28, 1)

# Display data

Display the training data and the corresponding labels

In [5]:
print(training_labels[0:10])
f, axes = plt.subplots(1, 10, sharey=True,figsize=(10,10))
for i,ax in enumerate(axes.flat):
ax.axis('off')
ax.imshow(X[i,:,:,0],cmap="gray")



# Create a Convolutional Neural Network

The CNN consists of 3 layers

• Conv2D of size 28 x 28 with 24 filters
• Perform Max pooling
• Conv2D of size 14 x 14 with 48 filters
• Perform max pooling
• Conv2d of size 7 x 7 with 64 filters
• Flatten
• Use Dense layer with 128 units
• Perform 25% dropout
• Perform categorical cross entropy with softmax activation function
In [0]:
num_classes=10
inputs = Input(shape=(28,28,1))
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x)
x = Conv2D(48, (3, 3), padding='same',activation='relu')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x)
x = Conv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same',activation='relu')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(128, activation='relu')(x)
x = Dropout(0.25)(x)
output = Dense(num_classes,activation="softmax")(x)

model = Model(inputs,output)

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])


# Summary of CNN

Display the summary of CNN

In [7]:
model.summary()
Model: "model_1"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer)         (None, 28, 28, 1)         0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_1 (Conv2D)            (None, 28, 28, 24)        240
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 14, 14, 24)        0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_2 (Conv2D)            (None, 14, 14, 48)        10416
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2 (None, 7, 7, 48)          0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_3 (Conv2D)            (None, 7, 7, 64)          27712
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_3 (MaxPooling2 (None, 3, 3, 64)          0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_1 (Flatten)          (None, 576)               0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              (None, 128)               73856
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_1 (Dropout)          (None, 128)               0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              (None, 10)                1290
=================================================================
Total params: 113,514
Trainable params: 113,514
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________


# Perform Gradient descent and validate with the validation data

In [8]:
epochs = 20
batch_size=256
history = model.fit(X_train,y_train,
epochs=epochs,
batch_size=batch_size,
validation_data=(X_validation,y_validation))
————————————————
acc = history.history[ ‘accuracy’ ]
val_acc = history.history[ ‘val_accuracy’ ]
loss = history.history[ ‘loss’ ]
val_loss = history.history[‘val_loss’ ]
epochs = range(len(acc)) # Get number of epochs
#————————————————
# Plot training and validation accuracy per epoch
#————————————————
plt.plot ( epochs, acc,label=”training accuracy” )
plt.plot ( epochs, val_acc, label=’validation acuracy’ )
plt.title (‘Training and validation accuracy’)
plt.legend()
plt.figure()
#————————————————
# Plot training and validation loss per epoch
#————————————————
plt.plot ( epochs, loss , label=”training loss”)
plt.plot ( epochs, val_loss,label=”validation loss” )
plt.title (‘Training and validation loss’ )
plt.legend()
Test model on test data
f, axes = plt.subplots(1, 10, sharey=True,figsize=(10,10))
for i,ax in enumerate(axes.flat):
ax.axis(‘off’)
ax.imshow(X_test[i,:,:,0],cmap=”gray”)
l=[]
for i in range(10):
x=X_test[i].reshape(1,28,28,1)
y=model.predict(x)
m = np.argmax(y, axis=1)
print(m)

[7]
[2]
[1]
[0]
[4]
[1]
[4]
[9]
[5]
[9]


# Generate the filter activations at the intermediate CNN layers

In [12]:
img = test_images[51].reshape(1,28,28,1)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(5,5))
print(img.shape)
plt.imshow(img[0,:,:,0],cmap="gray")
plt.axis('off')


# Display the activations at the intermediate layers

This displays the intermediate activations as the image passes through the filters and generates these feature maps

In [13]:
layer_names = ['conv2d_4', 'conv2d_5', 'conv2d_6']

layer_outputs = [layer.output for layer in model.layers if 'conv2d' in layer.name]
activation_model = Model(inputs=model.input,outputs=layer_outputs)
intermediate_activations = activation_model.predict(img)
images_per_row = 8
max_images = 8

for layer_name, layer_activation in zip(layer_names, intermediate_activations):
print(layer_name,layer_activation.shape)
n_features = layer_activation.shape[-1]
print("features=",n_features)
n_features = min(n_features, max_images)
print(n_features)

size = layer_activation.shape[1]
print("size=",size)
n_cols = n_features // images_per_row
display_grid = np.zeros((size * n_cols, images_per_row * size))

for col in range(n_cols):
for row in range(images_per_row):
channel_image = layer_activation[0,:, :, col * images_per_row + row]

channel_image -= channel_image.mean()
channel_image /= channel_image.std()
channel_image *= 64
channel_image += 128
channel_image = np.clip(channel_image, 0, 255).astype('uint8')
display_grid[col * size : (col + 1) * size,
row * size : (row + 1) * size] = channel_image
scale = 2. / size
plt.figure(figsize=(scale * display_grid.shape[1],
scale * display_grid.shape[0]))
plt.axis('off')
plt.title(layer_name)
plt.grid(False)
plt.imshow(display_grid, aspect='auto', cmap='viridis')

plt.show()

It can be seen that at the higher layers only abstract features of the input image are captured

# To fix the ImportError: cannot import name 'imresize' in the next cell. Run this cell. Then comment and restart and run all
#!pip install scipy==1.1.0


## Visualize the pattern that the filters respond to maximally

• Choose a loss function that maximizes the value of the CNN filter in a given layer
• Start from a blank input image.
• Do gradient ascent in input space. Modify input values so that the filter activates more
• Repeat this in a loop.
In [14]:
from vis.visualization import visualize_activation, get_num_filters
from vis.utils import utils
from vis.input_modifiers import Jitter

max_filters = 24
selected_indices = []
vis_images = [[], [], [], [], []]
i = 0
selected_filters = [[0, 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22],
[8, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 35, 41],
[2, 7, 11, 14, 19, 26, 35, 48]]

# Set the layers
layer_name = ['conv2d_4', 'conv2d_5', 'conv2d_6']
# Set the layer indices
layer_idx = [1,3,5]
for layer_name,layer_idx in zip(layer_name,layer_idx):

# Visualize all filters in this layer.
if selected_filters:
filters = selected_filters[i]
else:
# Randomly select filters
filters = sorted(np.random.permutation(get_num_filters(model.layers[layer_idx]))[:max_filters])
selected_indices.append(filters)

# Generate input image for each filter.
# Loop through the selected filters in each layer and generate the activation of these filters
for idx in filters:
img = visualize_activation(model, layer_idx, filter_indices=idx, tv_weight=0.,
input_modifiers=[Jitter(0.05)], max_iter=300)
vis_images[i].append(img)

# Generate stitched image palette with 4 cols so we get 2 rows.
stitched = utils.stitch_images(vis_images[i], cols=4)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 30))
plt.title(layer_name)
plt.axis('off')
stitched = stitched.reshape(1,61,127,1)
plt.imshow(stitched[0,:,:,0])
plt.show()
i += 1
from vis.utils import utils
new_vis_images = [[], [], [], [], []]
i = 0
layer_name = ['conv2d_4', 'conv2d_5', 'conv2d_6']
layer_idx = [1,3,5]
for layer_name,layer_idx in zip(layer_name,layer_idx):

# Generate input image for each filter.
for j, idx in enumerate(selected_indices[i]):
img = visualize_activation(model, layer_idx, filter_indices=idx,
seed_input=vis_images[i][j], input_modifiers=[Jitter(0.05)], max_iter=300)
#img = utils.draw_text(img, 'Filter {}'.format(idx))
new_vis_images[i].append(img)

stitched = utils.stitch_images(new_vis_images[i], cols=4)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 30))
plt.title(layer_name)
plt.axis('off')
print(stitched.shape)
stitched = stitched.reshape(1,61,127,1)
plt.imshow(stitched[0,:,:,0])
plt.show()
i += 1



## Visualizing Class Outputs

Here the CNN will generate the image that maximally represents the category. Each of the output represents one of the digits as can be seen below

In [16]:
from vis.utils import utils
from keras import activations
codes = '''
zero 0
one 1
two 2
three 3
four 4
five 5
six 6
seven 7
eight 8
nine 9
'''
layer_idx=10
initial = []
images = []
tuples = []
# Swap softmax with linear for better visualization
model.layers[layer_idx].activation = activations.linear
model = utils.apply_modifications(model)
for line in codes.split('\n'):
if not line:
continue
name, idx = line.rsplit(' ', 1)
idx = int(idx)
img = visualize_activation(model, layer_idx, filter_indices=idx,
tv_weight=0., max_iter=300, input_modifiers=[Jitter(0.05)])

initial.append(img)
tuples.append((name, idx))

i = 0
for name, idx in tuples:
img = visualize_activation(model, layer_idx, filter_indices=idx,
seed_input = initial[i], max_iter=300, input_modifiers=[Jitter(0.05)])
#img = utils.draw_text(img, name) # Unable to display text on gray scale image
i += 1
images.append(img)

stitched = utils.stitch_images(images, cols=4)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 20))
plt.axis('off')
stitched = stitched.reshape(1,94,127,1)
plt.imshow(stitched[0,:,:,0])

plt.show()



In the grid below the class outputs show the MNIST digits to which output responds to maximally. We can see the ghostly outline
of digits 0 – 9. We can clearly see the outline if 0,1, 2,3,4,5 (yes, it is there!),6,7, 8 and 9. If you look at this from a little distance the digits are clearly visible. Isn’t that really cool!!

## Conclusion:

It is really interesting to see the class outputs which show the image to which the class output responds to maximally. In the
post Applied Deep Learning – Part 4: Convolutional Neural Networks the class output show much more complicated images and is worth a look. It is really interesting to note that the model has adjusted the filter values and the weights of the fully connected network to maximally respond to the MNIST digits

## Also see

To see all posts click Index of posts

# Understanding Neural Style Transfer with Tensorflow and Keras

Neural Style Transfer (NST)  is a fascinating area of Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks. NST is an interesting technique, in which the style from an image, known as the ‘style image’ is transferred to another image ‘content image’ and we get a third a image which is a generated image which has the content of the original image and the style of another image.

NST can be used to reimagine how famous painters like Van Gogh, Claude Monet or a Picasso would have visualised a scenery or architecture. NST uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to achieve this artistic style transfer from one image to another. NST was originally implemented by Gati et al., in their paper Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style. Convolutional Neural Networks have been very successful in image classification image recognition et cetera. CNN networks have also been have also generated very interesting pictures using Neural Style Transfer which will be shown in this post. An interesting aspect of CNN’s is that the first couple of layers in the CNN capture basic features of the image like edges and  pixel values. But as we go deeper into the CNN, the network captures higher level features of the input image.

To get started with Neural Style transfer  we will be using the VGG19 pre-trained network. The VGG19 CNN is a compact pre-trained your network which can be used for performing the NST. However, we could have also used Resnet or InceptionV3 networks for this purpose but these are very large networks. The idea of using a network trained on a different task and applying it to a new task is called transfer learning.

What needs to be done to transfer the style from one of the image to another image. This brings us to the question – What is ‘style’? What is it that distinguishes Van Gogh’s painting or Picasso’s cubist art. Convolutional Neural Networks capture basic features in the lower layers and much more complex features in the deeper layers.  Style can be computed by taking the correlation of the feature maps in a layer L. This is my interpretation of how style is captured.  Since style  is intrinsic to  the image, it  implies that the style feature would exist across all the filters in a layer. Hence, to pick up this style we would need to get the correlation of the filters across channels of a lawyer. This is computed mathematically, using the Gram matrix which calculates the correlation of the activation of a the filter by the style image and generated image

To transfer the style from one image to the content image we need to do two parallel operations while doing forward propagation
– Compute the content loss between the source image and the generated image
– Compute the style loss between the style image and the generated image
– Finally we need to compute the total loss

In order to get transfer the style from the ‘style’ image to the ‘content ‘image resulting in a  ‘generated’  image  the total loss has to be minimised. Therefore backward propagation with gradient descent  is done to minimise the total loss comprising of the content and style loss.

Initially we make the Generated Image ‘G’ the same as the source image ‘S’

The content loss at layer ‘l’

$L_{content} = 1/2 \sum_{i}^{j} ( F^{l}_{i,j} - P^{l}_{i,j})^{2}$

where $F^{l}_{i,j}$ and $P^{l}_{i,j}$ represent the activations at layer ‘l’ in a filter i, at position ‘j’. The intuition is that the activations will be same for similar source and generated image. We need to minimise the content loss so that the generated stylized image is as close to the original image as possible. An intermediate layer of VGG19 block5_conv2 is used

The Style layers that are are used are

style_layers = [‘block1_conv1’,
‘block2_conv1’,
‘block3_conv1’,
‘block4_conv1’,
‘block5_conv1’]
To compute the Style Loss the Gram matrix needs to be computed. The Gram Matrix is computed by unrolling the filters as shown below (source: Convolutional Neural Networks by Prof Andrew Ng, Coursera). The result is a matrix of size $n_{c}$ x $n_{c}$ where $n_{c}$ is the number of channels
The above diagram shows the filters of height $n_{H}$ and width $n_{W}$ with $n_{C}$ channels
The contribution of layer ‘l’ to style loss is given by
$L^{'}_{style} = \frac{\sum_{i}^{j} (G^{2}_{i,j} - A^l{i,j})^2}{4N^{2}_{l}M^{2}_{l}}$
where $G_{i,j}$  and $A_{i,j}$ are the Gram matrices of the style and generated images respectively. By minimising the distance in the gram matrices of the style and generated image we can ensure that generated image is a stylized version of the original image similar to the style image
The total loss is given by
$L_{total} = \alpha L_{content} + \beta L_{style}$
Back propagation with gradient descent works to minimise the content loss between the source and generated image, while the style loss tries to minimise the discrepancies in the style of the style image and generated image. Running through forward and backpropagation through several epochs successfully transfers the style from the style image to the source image.
You can check the Notebook at Neural Style Transfer

Note: The code in this notebook is largely based on the Neural Style Transfer tutorial from Tensorflow, though I may have taken some changes from other blogs. I also made a few changes to the code in this tutorial, like removing the scaling factor, or the class definition (Personally, I belong to the old school (C language) and am not much in love with the ‘self.”..All references are included below

Note: Here is a interesting thought. Could we do a Neural Style Transfer in music? Imagine Carlos Santana playing ‘Hotel California’ or Brian May style in ‘Another brick in the wall’. While our first reaction would be that it may not sound good as we are used to style of these songs, we may be surprised by a possible style transfer. This is definitely music to the ears!

Here are few runs from this

## A) Run 1

1. Neural Style Transfer – a) Content Image – My portrait.  b) Style Image – Wassily Kadinsky Oil on canvas, 1913, Vassily Kadinsky’s composition

2. Result of Neural Style Transfer

2) Run 2

a) Content Image – Portrait of my parents b) Style Image –  Vincent Van Gogh’s ,Starry Night Oil on canvas 1889

2. Result of Neural Style Transfer

## Run 3

1.  Content Image – Caesar 2 (Masai Mara- 20 Jun 2018).  Style Image – The Great Wave at Kanagawa – Katsushika Hokosai, 1826-1833

2. Result of Neural Style Transfer

## Run 4

1.   Content Image – Junagarh Fort , Rajasthan   Sep 2016              b) Style Image – Le Pont Japonais by Claude Monet, Oil on canvas, 1920

2. Result of Neural Style Transfer

Neural Style Transfer is a very ingenious idea which shows that we can segregate the style of a painting and transfer to another image.

### References

1. A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style, Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, Matthias Bethge
2. Neural style transfer
3. Neural Style Transfer: Creating Art with Deep Learning using tf.keras and eager execution
4. Convolutional Neural Network, DeepLearning.AI Specialization, Prof Andrew Ng
5. Intuitive Guide to Neural Style Transfer

To see all posts click Index of posts

# Big Data-5: kNiFi-ing through cricket data with yorkpy

“The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of our profession.”

Sherlock Holmes in the Valley of fear by Arthur Conan Doyle

“If we have data, let’s look at data. If all we have are opinions, let’s go with mine.”

Jim Barksdale, former CEO Netscape

In this post I use  Apache NiFi Dataflow Pipeline along with my Python package yorkpy to crunch through cricket data from Cricsheet. The Data Pipelne  flows all the way from the source  to target analytics output. Apache NiFi was created to automate the flow of data between systems.  NiFi dataflows enable the automated and managed flow of information between systems. This post automates the flow of data from Cricsheet, from where the zip file it is downloaded, unpacked, processed, transformed and finally T20 players are ranked.

While this is a straight forward example of what can be done, this pattern can be applied to real Big Data systems. For example hypothetically, we could consider that we get several parallel streams of  cricket data or for that matter any sports related data. There could be parallel Data flow pipelines that get the data from the sources. This would then be  followed by data transformation modules and finally a module for generating analytics. At the other end a UI based on AngularJS or ReactJS could display the results in a cool and awesome way.

Incidentally, the NiFi pipeline that I discuss in this post, is a simplistic example, and does not use the Big Data stack like HDFS, Hive, Spark etc. Nevertheless, the pattern used, has all the modules for a Big Data pipeline namely ingestion, unpacking, transformation and finally analytics. This NiF pipeline demonstrates the flow using the regular file system of Mac and my python based package yorkpy. The concepts mentioned could be used in a real Big Data scenario which has much fatter pipes of data coming. If  this was the case the NiFi pipeline would utilize  HDFS/Hive for storing the ingested data and Pyspark/Scala for the transformation and analytics and other related technologies.

A pictorial representation is given below

In the diagram above each of the vertical boxes could be any technology from the ever proliferating Big Data stack namely HDFS, Hive, Spark, Sqoop, Kafka, Impala and so on.  Such a dataflow automation could be created when any big sporting event happens, as long as the data generated large, and there is a need for dynamic and automated reporting. The UI could be based on AngularJS/ReactJS and could display analytical tables and charts.

This post demonstrates one such scenario in which IPL T20 data is downloaded from Cricsheet site, unpacked and stored in a specific directory. This dataflow automation is based on my yorkpy package. To know more about the yorkpy package  see Pitching yorkpy … short of good length to IPL – Part 1  and the associated parts. The zip file, from Cricsheet, contains individual IPL T20 matches in YAML format. The convertYaml2DataframeT20() function is used to convert the YAML files into Pandas dataframes before storing them as CSV files. After this done, the function rankIPLT20batting() function is used to perform the overall ranking of the T20 players. My yorkpy Python package has about ~ 50+ functions that perform various analytics on any T20 data for e.g it has the following classes of functions

• analyze T20 matches
• analyze performance of a T20 team in all matches against another T20 team
• analyze performance of a T20 team against all other T20 teams
• analyze performance of T20 batsman and bowlers
• rank T20 batsmen and bowlers

The functions of yorkpy generate tables or charts. While this post demonstrates one scenario, we could use any of the yorkpy T20 functions, generate the output and display on a widget in the UI display, created with cool technologies like AngularJS/ReactJS,  possibly in near real time as data keeps coming in.,

To use yorkpy with NiFI the following packages have to be installed in your environment

-pip install yorkpy
-pip install pyyaml
-pip install pandas
-yum install python-devel (equivalent in Windows)
-pip install matplotlib
-pip install seaborn
-pip install sklearn
-pip install datetime

I have created a video of the NiFi Pipeline with the real dataflow fro source to the ranked IPL T20 batsmen. Take a look at RankingT20PlayersWithNiFiYorkpy

You can clone/fork the NiFi template from rankT20withNiFiYorkpy

The NiFi Data Flow Automation is shown below

## 1. Overall flow

The overall NiFi flow contains 2 Process Groups a) DownloadAnd Unpack. b) Convert and Rank IPL batsmen. While it appears that the Process Groups are disconnected, they are not. The first process group downloads the T20 zip file, unpacks the. zip file and saves the YAML files in a specific folder. The second process group monitors this folder and starts processing as soon the YAML files are available. It processes the YAML converting it into dataframes before storing it as CSV file. The next  processor then does the actual ranking of the batsmen before writing the output into IPLrank.txt

This process group is shown below

The ${T20data} variable points to the specific T20 format that needs to be downloaded. I have set this to https://cricsheet.org/downloads/ipl.zip. This could be set any other data set. In fact we could have parallel data flows for different T20/ Sports data sets and generate #### 1.1.2 SaveUnpackedData This processor stores the YAML files in a predetermined folder, so that the data can be picked up by the 2nd Process Group for processing ### 1.2 ProcessAndRankT20Players Process Group This is the second process group which converts the YAML files to pandas dataframes before storing them as. CSV files. The RankIPLPlayers will then read all the CSV files, stack them and then proceed to rank the IPL players. The Process Group is shown below #### 1.2.1 ListFile and FetchFile Processors The left 2 Processors ListFile and FetchFile get all the YAML files from the folder and pass it to the next processor #### 1.2.2 convertYaml2DataFrame Processor The convertYaml2DataFrame Processor uses the ExecuteStreamCommand which call a python script. The Python script invoked the yorkpy function convertYaml2Dataframe() as shown below The${convertYaml2Dataframe} variable points to the python file below which invoked the yorkpy function yka.convertYaml2PandasDataframeT20()

import yorkpy.analytics as yka
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='convert')
args=parser.parse_args()
yamlFile=args.yamlFile
yka.convertYaml2PandasDataframeT20(yamlFile,"/Users/tvganesh/backup/software/nifi/ipl","/Users/tvganesh/backup/software/nifi/ipldata")

### Reshape and rescale

# Reshape the array
x_train <- array_reshape(x_train, c(nrow(x_train), 784))
x_test <- array_reshape(x_test, c(nrow(x_test), 784))
# Rescale
x_train <- x_train / 255
x_test <- x_test / 255

### Convert out put to One Hot encoded format

y_train <- to_categorical(y_train, 10)
y_test <- to_categorical(y_test, 10)

### Fit the model

Use the softmax activation for recognizing 10 digits and categorical cross entropy for loss

model <- keras_model_sequential()
model %>%
layer_dense(units = 256, activation = 'relu', input_shape = c(784)) %>%
layer_dense(units = 128, activation = 'relu') %>%
layer_dense(units = 10, activation = 'softmax') # Use softmax

model %>% compile(
loss = 'categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer = optimizer_rmsprop(),
metrics = c('accuracy')
)

### Fit the model

Note: A smaller number of epochs has been used. For better performance increase number of epochs

history <- model %>% fit(
x_train, y_train,
epochs = 5, batch_size = 128,
validation_data = list(x_test,y_test)
)

### Plot the accuracy and loss for training and test data

plot(history)


Conclusion
This post shows how to use Tensorflow and Keras in both Python & R
Hope you have fun with Tensorflow!!

To see all posts click Index of posts

# Introduction

This post shows how you can analyze batsmen, bowlers see Introducing cricpy:A python package to analyze performances of cricketers and cricket teams see Cricpy adds team analytics to its arsenal! in Test, ODI and T20s using cricpy templates, with data from ESPN Cricinfo.

# The cricpy package

## A. Analyzing batsmen and bowlers in Test, ODI and T20s

The data for a particular player can be obtained with the getPlayerData() function. To do you will need to go to ESPN CricInfo Player and type in the name of the player for e.g Rahul Dravid, Virat Kohli, Alastair Cook etc. This will bring up a page which have the profile number for the player e.g. for Rahul Dravid this would be http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28114.html. Hence, Dravid’s profile is 28114. This can be used to get the data for Rahul Dravid as shown below

My posts on Cripy were

You can clone/download this cricpy template for your own analysis of players. This can be done using RStudio or IPython notebooks

The cricpy package is now available with pip install cricpy!!!

## 1 Importing cricpy – Python

# Install the package
# Do a pip install cricpy
# Import cricpy
import cricpy.analytics as ca 
## C:\Users\Ganesh\ANACON~1\lib\site-packages\statsmodels\compat\pandas.py:56: FutureWarning: The pandas.core.datetools module is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Please use the pandas.tseries module instead.
##   from pandas.core import datetools

## 2. Invoking functions with Python package cricpy

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.batsman4s("aplayer.csv","A Player")

# 3. Getting help from cricpy – Python

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#help(ca.getPlayerData)

The details below will introduce the different functions that are available in cricpy.

## 4. Get the player data for a player using the function getPlayerData()

Important Note This needs to be done only once for a player. This function stores the player’s data in the specified CSV file (for e.g. dravid.csv as above) which can then be reused for all other functions). Once we have the data for the players many analyses can be done. This post will use the stored CSV file obtained with a prior getPlayerData for all subsequent analyses

## 4a. For Test players

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#player1 =ca.getPlayerData(profileNo1,dir="..",file="player1.csv",type="batting",homeOrAway=[1,2], result=[1,2,4])
#player1 =ca.getPlayerData(profileNo2,dir="..",file="player2.csv",type="batting",homeOrAway=[1,2], result=[1,2,4])

## 4b. For ODI players

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#player1 =ca.getPlayerDataOD(profileNo1,dir="..",file="player1.csv",type="batting")
#player1 =ca.getPlayerDataOD(profileNo2,dir="..",file="player2.csv",type="batting"")

## 4c For T20 players

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#player1 =ca.getPlayerDataTT(profileNo1,dir="..",file="player1.csv",type="batting")
#player1 =ca.getPlayerDataTT(profileNo2,dir="..",file="player2.csv",type="batting"")

## 5 A Player’s performance – Basic Analyses

The 3 plots below provide the following for Rahul Dravid

1. Frequency percentage of runs in each run range over the whole career
2. Mean Strike Rate for runs scored in the given range
3. A histogram of runs frequency percentages in runs ranges

import cricpy.analytics as ca
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

#ca.batsmanRunsFreqPerf("aplayer.csv","A Player")
#ca.batsmanMeanStrikeRate("aplayer.csv","A Player")
#ca.batsmanRunsRanges("aplayer.csv","A Player") 

## 6. More analyses

This gives details on the batsmen’s 4s, 6s and dismissals

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsman4s("aplayer.csv","A Player")
#ca.batsman6s("aplayer.csv","A Player")
#ca.batsmanDismissals("aplayer.csv","A Player")

# The below function is for ODI and T20 only
#ca.batsmanScoringRateODTT("./kohli.csv","Virat Kohli")  

## 7. 3D scatter plot and prediction plane

The plots below show the 3D scatter plot of Runs versus Balls Faced and Minutes at crease. A linear regression plane is then fitted between Runs and Balls Faced + Minutes at crease

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.battingPerf3d("aplayer.csv","A Player")

## 8. Average runs at different venues

The plot below gives the average runs scored at different grounds. The plot also the number of innings at each ground as a label at x-axis.

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.batsmanAvgRunsGround("aplayer.csv","A Player")

## 9. Average runs against different opposing teams

This plot computes the average runs scored against different countries.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanAvgRunsOpposition("aplayer.csv","A Player")

## 10. Highest Runs Likelihood

The plot below shows the Runs Likelihood for a batsman.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanRunsLikelihood("aplayer.csv","A Player")

# 11. A look at the Top 4 batsman

Choose any number of players

1.Player1 2.Player2 3.Player3 …

The following plots take a closer at their performances. The box plots show the median the 1st and 3rd quartile of the runs

## 12. Box Histogram Plot

This plot shows a combined boxplot of the Runs ranges and a histogram of the Runs Frequency

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanPerfBoxHist("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanPerfBoxHist("aplayer002.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanPerfBoxHist("aplayer003.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanPerfBoxHist("aplayer004.csv","A Player004")

## 13. get Player Data special

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#player1sp = ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile1,tdir=".",tfile="player1sp.csv",ttype="batting")
#player2sp = ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile2,tdir=".",tfile="player2sp.csv",ttype="batting")
#player3sp = ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile3,tdir=".",tfile="player3sp.csv",ttype="batting")
#player4sp = ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile4,tdir=".",tfile="player4sp.csv",ttype="batting")

## 14. Contribution to won and lost matches

Note:This can only be used for Test matches

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanContributionWonLost("player1sp.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanContributionWonLost("player2sp.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanContributionWonLost("player3sp.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanContributionWonLost("player4sp.csv","A Player004")

## 15. Performance at home and overseas

Note:This can only be used for Test matches This function also requires the use of getPlayerDataSp() as shown above

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.batsmanPerfHomeAway("player1sp.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanPerfHomeAway("player2sp.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanPerfHomeAway("player3sp.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanPerfHomeAway("player4sp.csv","A Player004")

## 16 Moving Average of runs in career

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanMovingAverage("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanMovingAverage("aplayer002.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanMovingAverage("aplayer003.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanMovingAverage("aplayer004.csv","A Player004")

## 17 Cumulative Average runs of batsman in career

This function provides the cumulative average runs of the batsman over the career.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanCumulativeAverageRuns("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeAverageRuns("aplayer002.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeAverageRuns("aplayer003.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeAverageRuns("aplayer004.csv","A Player004")

## 18 Cumulative Average strike rate of batsman in career

.

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.batsmanCumulativeStrikeRate("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeStrikeRate("aplayer002.csv","A Player002")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeStrikeRate("aplayer003.csv","A Player003")
#ca.batsmanCumulativeStrikeRate("aplayer004.csv","A Player004")

## 19 Future Runs forecast

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.batsmanPerfForecast("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")

## 20 Relative Batsman Cumulative Average Runs

The plot below compares the Relative cumulative average runs of the batsman for each of the runs ranges of 10 and plots them.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

frames = ["aplayer1.csv","aplayer2.csv","aplayer3.csv","aplayer4.csv"]
names = ["A Player1","A Player2","A Player3","A Player4"]
#ca.relativeBatsmanCumulativeAvgRuns(frames,names)

## 21 Plot of 4s and 6s

import cricpy.analytics as ca

frames = ["aplayer1.csv","aplayer2.csv","aplayer3.csv","aplayer4.csv"]
names = ["A Player1","A Player2","A Player3","A Player4"]
#ca.batsman4s6s(frames,names)

## 22. Relative Batsman Strike Rate

The plot below gives the relative Runs Frequency Percetages for each 10 run bucket. The plot below show

import cricpy.analytics as ca

frames = ["aplayer1.csv","aplayer2.csv","aplayer3.csv","aplayer4.csv"]
names = ["A Player1","A Player2","A Player3","A Player4"]
#ca.relativeBatsmanCumulativeStrikeRate(frames,names)


## 23. 3D plot of Runs vs Balls Faced and Minutes at Crease

The plot is a scatter plot of Runs vs Balls faced and Minutes at Crease. A prediction plane is fitted

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.battingPerf3d("aplayer001.csv","A Player001")
#ca.battingPerf3d("aplayer002.csv","A Player002")
#ca.battingPerf3d("aplayer003.csv","A Player003")
#ca.battingPerf3d("aplayer004.csv","A Player004")

## 24. Predicting Runs given Balls Faced and Minutes at Crease

A multi-variate regression plane is fitted between Runs and Balls faced +Minutes at crease.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

BF = np.linspace( 10, 400,15)
Mins = np.linspace( 30,600,15)
newDF= pd.DataFrame({'BF':BF,'Mins':Mins})

#aplayer = ca.batsmanRunsPredict("aplayer.csv",newDF,"A Player")
#print(aplayer)

The fitted model is then used to predict the runs that the batsmen will score for a given Balls faced and Minutes at crease.

## 25 Analysis of Top 3 wicket takers

Take any number of bowlers from either Test, ODI or T20

1. Bowler1
2. Bowler2
3. Bowler3 …

## 26. Get the bowler’s data (Test)

This plot below computes the percentage frequency of number of wickets taken for e.g 1 wicket x%, 2 wickets y% etc and plots them as a continuous line

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#abowler1 =ca.getPlayerData(profileNo1,dir=".",file="abowler1.csv",type="bowling",homeOrAway=[1,2], result=[1,2,4])
#abowler2 =ca.getPlayerData(profileNo2,dir=".",file="abowler2.csv",type="bowling",homeOrAway=[1,2], result=[1,2,4])
#abowler3 =ca.getPlayerData(profile3,dir=".",file="abowler3.csv",type="bowling",homeOrAway=[1,2], result=[1,2,4])

## 26b For ODI bowlers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#abowler1 =ca.getPlayerDataOD(profileNo1,dir=".",file="abowler1.csv",type="bowling")
#abowler2 =ca.getPlayerDataOD(profileNo2,dir=".",file="abowler2.csv",type="bowling")
#abowler3 =ca.getPlayerDataOD(profile3,dir=".",file="abowler3.csv",type="bowling")

## 26c For T20 bowlers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#abowler1 =ca.getPlayerDataTT(profileNo1,dir=".",file="abowler1.csv",type="bowling")
#abowler2 =ca.getPlayerDataTT(profileNo2,dir=".",file="abowler2.csv",type="bowling")
#abowler3 =ca.getPlayerDataTT(profile3,dir=".",file="abowler3.csv",type="bowling")

## 27. Wicket Frequency Plot

This plot below plots the frequency of wickets taken for each of the bowlers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerWktsFreqPercent("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerWktsFreqPercent("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerWktsFreqPercent("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 28. Wickets Runs plot

The plot below create a box plot showing the 1st and 3rd quartile of runs conceded versus the number of wickets taken

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerWktsRunsPlot("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerWktsRunsPlot("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerWktsRunsPlot("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 29 Average wickets at different venues

The plot gives the average wickets taken bat different venues.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerAvgWktsGround("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerAvgWktsGround("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerAvgWktsGround("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")


## 30 Average wickets against different opposition

The plot gives the average wickets taken against different countries.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerAvgWktsOpposition("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerAvgWktsOpposition("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerAvgWktsOpposition("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 31 Wickets taken moving average

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerMovingAverage("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerMovingAverage("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerMovingAverage("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 32 Cumulative average wickets taken

The plots below give the cumulative average wickets taken by the bowlers.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgWickets("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgWickets("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgWickets("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 33 Cumulative average economy rate

The plots below give the cumulative average economy rate of the bowlers.

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgEconRate("abowler1.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgEconRate("abowler2.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerCumulativeAvgEconRate("abowler3.csv","A Bowler3")

## 34 Future Wickets forecast

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.bowlerPerfForecast("abowler1.csv","A bowler1")

## 35 Get player data special

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#abowler1sp =ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile1,tdir=".",tfile="abowler1sp.csv",ttype="bowling")
#abowler2sp =ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile2,tdir=".",tfile="abowler2sp.csv",ttype="bowling")
#abowler3sp =ca.getPlayerDataSp(profile3,tdir=".",tfile="abowler3sp.csv",ttype="bowling")

## 36 Contribution to matches won and lost

Note:This can be done only for Test cricketers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerContributionWonLost("abowler1sp.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerContributionWonLost("abowler2sp.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerContributionWonLost("abowler3sp.csv","A Bowler3")


## 37 Performance home and overseas

Note:This can be done only for Test cricketers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

#ca.bowlerPerfHomeAway("abowler1sp.csv","A Bowler1")
#ca.bowlerPerfHomeAway("abowler2sp.csv","A Bowler2")
#ca.bowlerPerfHomeAway("abowler3sp.csv","A Bowler3")

## 38 Relative cumulative average economy rate of bowlers

import cricpy.analytics as ca

frames = ["abowler1.csv","abowler2.csv","abowler3.csv"]
names = ["A Bowler1","A Bowler2","A Bowler3"]
#ca.relativeBowlerCumulativeAvgEconRate(frames,names)

## 39 Relative Economy Rate against wickets taken

import cricpy.analytics as ca

frames = ["abowler1.csv","abowler2.csv","abowler3.csv"]
names = ["A Bowler1","A Bowler2","A Bowler3"]
#ca.relativeBowlingER(frames,names)

## 40 Relative cumulative average wickets of bowlers in career

import cricpy.analytics as ca
frames = ["abowler1.csv","abowler2.csv","abowler3.csv"]
names = ["A Bowler1","A Bowler2","A Bowler3"]
#ca.relativeBowlerCumulativeAvgWickets(frames,names)

## B. Analyzing cricket teams in Test, ODI and T20s

The following functions will get the team data for Tests, ODI and T20s

### 1a. Get Test team data

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#country1Test= ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",teamView="bat",matchType="Test",file="country1Test.csv",save=True,teamName="Country1")
#country2Test= ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",teamView="bat",matchType="Test",file="country2Test.csv",save=True,teamName="Country2")
#country3Test= ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",teamView="bat",matchType="Test",file="country3Test.csv",save=True,teamName="Country3")

### 1b. Get ODI team data

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#team1ODI=  ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",matchType="ODI",file="team1ODI.csv",save=True,teamName="team1")
#team2ODI=  ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",matchType="ODI",file="team2ODI.csv",save=True,teamName="team2")
#team3ODI=  ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(dir=".",matchType="ODI",file="team3ODI.csv",save=True,teamName="team3")

### 1c. Get T20 team data

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#team1T20 = ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(matchType="T20",file="team1T20.csv",save=True,teamName="team1")
#team2T20 = ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(matchType="T20",file="team2T20.csv",save=True,teamName="team2")
#team3T20 = ca.getTeamDataHomeAway(matchType="T20",file="team3T20.csv",save=True,teamName="team3")

### 2a. Test – Analyzing test performances against opposition

import cricpy.analytics as ca
# Get the performance of Indian test team against all teams at all venues as a dataframe
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="Test",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of Country1 Test team  against all teams at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="Test",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of Country1 Test team  against specific teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["Country2","Country3","Country4"],homeOrAway=["home","away","neutral"],matchType="Test",plot=True)

### 2b. Test – Analyzing test performances against opposition at different grounds

import cricpy.analytics as ca
# Get the performance of Indian test team against all teams at all venues as a dataframe
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="Test",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of Country1 Test team  against all teams at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="Test",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of Country1 Test team  against specific teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("country1Test.csv",teamName="Country1",opposition=["Country2","Country3","Country4"],homeOrAway=["home","away","neutral"],matchType="Test",plot=True)

### 2c. Test – Plot time lines of wins and losses

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("country1Test.csv",team="Country1",opposition=["all"], #startDate="1970-01-01",endDate="2017-01-01")
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("country1Test.csv",team="Country1",opposition=["Country2","Count#ry3","Country4"], homeOrAway=["home",away","neutral"], startDate=<start Date> #,endDate=<endDate>)

### 3a. ODI – Analyzing test performances against opposition

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="ODI",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of team1  in ODIs against Sri Lanka, India at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=[all"],matchType="ODI",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of Team1 ODI team  against specific teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["Team2","Team3","Team4"],homeOrAway="home","away","neutral"],matchType="ODI",plot=True)

### 3b. ODI – Analyzing test performances against opposition at different venues

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="ODI",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of Team1s in ODIs specific ODI teams at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=[all"],matchType="ODI",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of Team1 against specific ODI teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("team1ODI.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["Team2","Team3","Team4"],homeOrAway=["home","away","neutral"],matchType="ODI",plot=True)

### 3c. ODI – Plot time lines of wins and losses

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#Plot the time line of wins/losses of Bangladesh ODI team between 2 dates all venues
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("team1ODI.csv",team="Team1",startDate=<start date> ,endDa#te=<end date>,matchType="ODI")
#Plot the time line of wins/losses against specific opposition between 2 dates
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("team1ODI.csv",team="Team1",opposition=["Team2","Team2"], homeOrAway=["home",away","neutral"], startDate=<start date>,endDate=<end date> ,matchType="ODI")

### 4a. T20 – Analyzing test performances against opposition

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="T20",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of Team1 in T20s  against  all opposition at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=[all"],matchType="T20",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of T20 Test team  against specific teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusVsOpposition("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["Team2","Team3","Team4"],homeOrAway=["home","away","neutral"],matchType="T20",plot=True)

### 4b. T20 – Analyzing test performances against opposition at different venues

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#df = ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="T20",plot=False)
# Plot the performance of Team1s in ODIs specific ODI teams at all venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["all"],homeOrAway=["all"],matchType="T20",plot=True)
# Plot the performance of Team1 against specific ODI teams at home/away venues
#ca.teamWinLossStatusAtGrounds("teamT20.csv",teamName="Team1",opposition=["Team2","Team3","Team4"],homeOrAway=["home","away","neutral"],matchType="T20",plot=True)

### 4c. T20 – Plot time lines of wins and losses

import cricpy.analytics as ca
#Plot the time line of wins/losses of Bangladesh ODI team between 2 dates all venues
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("teamT20.csv",team="Team1",startDate=<start date> ,endDa#te=<end date>,matchType="T20")
#Plot the time line of wins/losses against specific opposition between 2 dates
#ca.plotTimelineofWinsLosses("teamT20.csv",team="Team1",opposition=c("Team2","Team2"), homeOrAway=c("home",away","neutral"), startDate=<start date>,endDate=<end date> ,matchType="T20")

# Key Findings

## Analysis of teams

Have fun with cripy!!!